Donald Trump’s threats to annex Greenland and the US intervention in Venezuela have recently put European unity and the foundations of the transatlantic relationship under significant strain. Faced with annexation threats, trade pressure, the disclosure of private communications, and growing competition over critical raw materials, the European Union has begun to assert its response. From anti-coercion instruments to efforts to develop alternatives to major US digital platforms, a range of policy tools has been considered and, in some cases, already deployed.

Amy Greene is a Franco-American expert on US politics, author, and consultant. Her work focuses on how societal transformations shape US domestic and foreign policy, presidential and congressional decision-making, and relations between the United States, France, and the European Union. She also analyses the United States’ position within evolving global geopolitical dynamics. She advises senior American, French, and European decision-makers from both the public and private sectors.