While multilateralism is under strain, it is vital for France and Germany to defend it since it is the most appropriate system for preserving their interests, particularly in terms of welfare, security, prosperity and environmental protection.  Against this backdrop, three political fields offer opportunities for joint initiatives: trade, conventional arms control and climate change. On these issues, both governments share not only concerns, but also common positions. However, when it comes to concrete measures, they often face differences of interest that are difficult to overcome. In addition, they must also engage like-minded partners on a case-by-case basis, not only inside but also outside the EU.

This publication is composed of three case studies, exploring potential for action by Paris and Berlin: