War against Iran: three lessons for Europe

Analysing recent developments in the Middle East, the publication highlights their direct implications for European defence, energy and foreign policy, whilst emphasising the emergence of a more united and autonomous European stance in the face of an intervention conducted outside the framework of international law.

It reflects on the break with the divisions observed during previous crises, notably in 2003, that this cohesion represents, and examines the growing tensions within NATO against a backdrop of an increasingly overt US disengagement. In this light, she emphasises the need for Europeans to anticipate a lasting reshaping of the security architecture by strengthening their military, intelligence and deterrence capabilities, whilst rethinking the instruments of strategic cooperation in order to consolidate genuine European autonomy in an unstable international environment.