Introduction

Since 2005, the European Union Emissions Trading System (the EU ETS) has been presented by the European Commission  as a “cornerstone” of EU climate policy.^[1] Pricing emissions can be a powerful climate tool, and the EU ETS has proven effective in reducing the greenhouse gas emissions of the electricity sector. So far, it has however failed to trigger a deep decarbonisation of EU energy-intensive industries.^[2] EU policy makers now need to reform the EU ETS to make it a tool that also works for climate innovation and industrial decarbonisation.

In a world where more than 80% of the global GDP is covered by a national climate neutrality target, we need an effective reform of the EU ETS. It must be aligned with the EU’s new climate objectives, and be able to bring clean industrial technologies from lab to market to secure the competitive sustainability of the European economy.

This policy brief focuses on EU ETS free allowances, which are given to most energy-intensive industries. Currently, 94% of industrial emissions are covered by free allowances^[3], muting the carbon price signal and, therefore, the incentive to innovate and invest in cleaner production processes.

After laying out how the system of free allowances has worked so far, this policy brief provides recommendations on how policy makers can use the opportunity presented by the revision of the EU ETS to stop subsidising pollution and instead invest in innovation, kick-starting the decarbonisation of the EU energy-intensive industries.

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^[1] Johanna Lehne, Eleonora Moro, Phuc-Vinh Nguyen and Thomas Pellerin-Carlin, The EU ETS: from cornerstone to catalyst – the role of carbon pricing in driving innovation, Joint E3G-Jacques Delors Institute policy paper, April 2021.

^[2] Such as producers cement, iron and steel, chemicals, paper and pulp, refined petroleum products, etc.

^[3] European Commission (2019). Adoption of the Delegated Decision on the carbon leakage list for 2021-2030

Recommended citation:
Pellerin-Carlin T.,  Vangenechten D., Lamy P. & Pons G. 2022. “No more free lunch. Ending free allowances in the EU ETS to the benefit of innovation”, Policy brief, Jacques Delors Institute, E3G & Europe Jacques Delors, February 2022.